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Table 1 Basic characteristics of patients with low CrAg LFA results

From: Evaluation of low cryptococcal antigen titer as determined by the lateral flow assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid among HIV-negative patients: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study

Variables

Patients with CrAg titers of 1:10 (N = 51)

Patients with CrAg titers of 1:5 (N = 47)

Patients with CrAg titers of 1:2 (N = 54)

Age, median year (range)

51 (21–74)

51 (24–84)

52.5 (20–88)

Sex, Female

13 (25.5)

22 (46.8)

22 (40.7)

Predisposing factorsa

15 (29.4)

18 (38.3)

23 (42.6)

Autoimmune diseases

5 (9.8)

7 (14.9)

8 (14.8)

Corticosteroids or immunosuppressants administrations

7 (13.7)

5 (10.6)

10 (18.5)

Haematological malignancy

3 (5.9)

3 (6.4)

3 (5.6)

Lung cancer

2 (3.9)

2 (4.3)

3 (5.6)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

0 (0.0)

1 (2.1)

3 (5.6)

Decompensated liver cirrhosis

0 (0.0)

1 (2.1)

1 (2.1)

Signs and symptoms

 Cough

21 (41.2)

16 (34.0)

17 (31.5)

 Shortness

1 (2.0)

1 (2.1)

2 (3.7)

 Haemoptysis

2 (3.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

 Chest pain

9 (17.6)

4 (8.5)

5 (9.3)

 Fever

7 (13.7)

6 (12.8)

8 (14.8)

 Headache or dizziness

6 (11.8)

3 (6.4)

6 (11.1)

 Fatigue

1 (1.9)

5 (10.6)

2 (3.7)

 Abdominal distention

0 (0.0)

1 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

Diagnosisb

 Proven

12 (23.5)

10 (21.3)

7 (13.0)

 Probable

32 (62.7)

24 (51.1)

23 (42.6)

 Possible

7 (13.7)

10 (21.3)

17 (31.5)

 Non-cryptococcosis

0 (0.0)

3 (6.4)

7 (13.0)

  1. Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated
  2. Abbreviations: LFA lateral flow assay; CrAg cryptococcal antigen; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; NS no significant
  3. aTwo of the 54 patients with predisposing factors were tested of low CrAg LFA titers in both serum and CSF
  4. bThree patients were tested of low CrAg LFA titers in both serum and CSF. Patient 1 with a CrAg titer of 1:5 in serum and 1:10 in CSF was diagnosed as proven pulmonary cryptococcosis along with proven cryptococcal meningitis. Patient 2 with CrAg titer of 1:5 in serum and 1:10 in CSF was diagnosed as probable pulmonary cryptococcosis along with proven cryptococcal meningitis. Patient 3 with CrAg titer of 1:5 in serum and 1:2 in CSF was diagnosed as possible cryptococcal infection in both lung and CNS