Fig. 2

Number of important Phytophthora declines and diebacks of forests and natural ecosystems over time. Adapted from Jung et al. (2018a). [1 = ink disease of Castanea sativa in Europe (observation of first typical symptoms in 1838), 2 = ink disease of Castanea dentata in the USA (observation of first typical symptoms in 1824), 3 = decline of Fagus sylvatica in the UK, 4 = littleleaf disease of pines in the USA, 5 = decline and mortality of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in the Pacific Northwest, 6 = jarrah dieback in Western Australia (WA; observation of first typical symptoms in the 1920s), 7 = ink disease of C. crenata and chestnut hybrids in Korea, 8 = eucalypt dieback in Victoria (observation of first typical symptoms in 1935), 9 = kauri dieback in New Zealand, 10 = Dieback of Nothofagus forests in Papua New Guinea, 11 = Mediterranean oak decline, 12 = Alnus mortality in Europe, 13 = temperate European oak decline, 14 = decline of F. sylvatica in mainland Europe, 15 = Sudden Oak Death in California and Oregon, 16 = littleleaf disease of Pinus occidentalis in the Dominican Republic, 17 = mortality of Austrocedrus chilensis in Argentina (observation of first typical symptoms in 1948), 18 = leaf and shoot blight of eucalypt plantations in New Zealand, 19 = oak decline in the Eastern USA, 20 = root and collar rot of eucalypt plantations in South Africa, 21 = needle cast and defoliation of Pinus radiata in Chile, 22 = dieback of Eucalyptus gomphocephala in WA, 23 = dieback of riparian Eucalyptus rudis in WA, 24 = Sudden Larch Death in the UK, 25 = dieback of Araucaria excelsa in Brazil, 26 = Ash decline in Denmark and Poland, 27 = dieback of Nothofagus spp. in the UK, 28 = mortality of Juniperus communis in the UK, 29 = red needle cast of P. radiata in New Zealand, 30 = leaf and twig blight of Ilex aquifolium in Corsica and Sardinia, 31 = dieback of Mediterranean maquis vegetation, 32 = Dieback of Fagaceae-Lauraceae monsoon forests in Northern Taiwan, 33 = Dieback of subtropical Fagaceae forests in Southern Taiwan, 34 = poplar dieback in Serbia, 35 = dieback of Valdivian rainforests in Chile, 36 = gummosis of Acacia mearnsii plantations in Brazil, 37 = collar rot of P. radiata plantations in New Zealand, 38 = dieback of laurosilva cloud forests in Northern Vietnam, 39 = black butt of Acacia mangium plantations in Vietnam, 40 = decline of Cinnamomum cassia plantations in Vietnam, 41 = cankers and dieback of Western hemlock and Douglas fir in the UK.]