Fig. 3From: Phylogeography and population structure of the global, wide host-range hybrid pathogen Phytophthora × cambivoraEstimation of the degree of linkage disequilibrium by the index of association (IA) in P. × cambivora populations. The first three boxplots represent the IA for simulated populations under sexual, semiclonal, and clonal reproduction. All groupings were significantly different based on the Kruskal–Wallis rank sum testBack to article page