Table 4 Comparison of morphological characters and host of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato in this study
From: Six new species of zombie-ant fungi from Yunnan in China
Species | Host | Death position | Stromata | Ascomata | Perithecia (μm) | Asci (μm) | Prominent caps | Ascospores (μm) | Septa | Hirsutella asexual morph (μm) | Conidia (μm) | Country | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ophiocordyceps acroasca | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Hemispherical, 3 × 2–3 mm | Ovoid, 247–296 × 176–225 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 131–172 × 5–8 | Prominent, 3–5 × 4–6 | Vermiform, 83–108 × 2–3 | 4–5 | Hirsutella A-type and Hirsutella C-type, 17–30 × 1–4 | Limoniform, 2–3 × 1–2 | China | This study |
Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae | Camponotus sp. | Biting epiphites | One or two | Disc-shaped | Flask-shaped, 240–290 × 105–135 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 130–160 × 8–11 | Hemispherical, 3–5 × 4–5 | Cylindrical, 80–100 × 5 | 5–6 | – | – | Colombia | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps basiasca | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Spherical, 3 × 2 mm | Flask-shaped or ovoid, 202–242 × 102–149 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 96–188 × 4–9 | Hemispherical, 3–5 × 4–5 | Vermiform, 89–119 × 2–3 | 4–5 | Hirsutella A-type, 10–23 × 1–5 | Oviform, 1–4 × 1–2 | China | This study |
Ophiocordyceps bifertilis | Polyrhachis sp.1 and Polyrhachis sp.2 | Biting leaf | Multiple | Disc-shaped or hemispherical, 3 × 2–3 mm | Flask-shaped, 156–211 × 102–129 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 130–198 × 6–10 | Prominent, 3–5 × 5–6 | Fusiform, 70–94 × 2–4 | 4–5 | Hirsutella A-type, 9–24 × 2–4 | – | China | This study |
Ophiocordyceps blakebarnesii | Camponotus sp. | Biting inside log | Single | Discshaped to irregular, 1.5 × 1 mm | Flask-shaped, 300–320 × 105–120 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 220–250 × 12–14 | – | Cylindrical, 140–160 × 4 | 6–7 | Hirsutella A-type, 75 × 3–4 | Limoniform, 8–9 × 3 | USA | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps contiispora | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Disc-shaped, 0.7–1 mm | Flask-shaped, 158–212 × 69–122 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 89–130 × 4–9 | Hemispherical or square, 1–3 × 3–5 | Fusiform, 38–48 × 2–4 | No obvious separation | Hirsutella C-type, 57–92 × 1–4 | Olivary or flask-shaped, 4–6 × 1–2 | China | This study |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-leonardi | Camponotus leonardi | Biting leaf | Single | – | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 400–430 × 200–230 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 130–175 × 7–8 | – | Lanceolate, 110–125 × 2–3 | Multiseptate | Hirsutella, 22.5 × 2.0–3.5 | Fusoid 2–4 × 1–2 | Thailand | Kobmoo et al. (2012) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-saundersi | Camponotus saundersi | Biting leaf | Single | – | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 280–320 × 160–180 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 80–160 × 6–7 | – | Lanceolate, 75–85 × 2–3 | Multiseptate | Hirsutella, 25 × 2–3 | Fusoid, 2–3 × 1–2 | Thailand | Kobmoo et al. (2012) |
Ophiocordyceps halabalaensis | Camponotus gigas | Biting leaf | Three | – | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 350–420 × 180–210 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 150–200 × 7–10 | – | Cylindrical, 60–75 × 3–5 | Multiseptate | – | – | Thailand | Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) |
Ophiocordyceps nooreniae | Polyrhachis cf. hookeri | Biting leaf | – | – | – | – | – | – | Hirsutella A-type, 30–55; Hirsutella C-type, 35–50 × 1.5–8 | Ovoid, 5–6 × 2–3 | Australia | Crous et al. (2016) | |
Ophiocordyceps nuozhaduensis | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Spherical, 2.4 × 1.6 mm | Flask-shaped, 222–274 × 153–159 | – | Vermiform, 91–126 × 2–5 | 7–13 | Hirsutella A-type, 6–22 × 2–4 | Ellipsoidal or oviform, 2–5 × 2–3 | China | This study | |
Ophiocordyceps naomipierceae | Polyrhachis cf. robsonii | Biting leaf | – | Hemispherical to irregular, 0.75 × 0.5–0.65 mm | Flask-shaped, 260–320 × 150–200 | Vermiform, cylindrical, 8-spored, 150–180 × 7 | Prominent | Vermiform, 75–105 × 5–6 | 4–6 | Paraisaria-like, 15–35 × 3 | Conidium, 5–7 × 3 | Australia | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps ootakii | Polyrhachis sp. | Biting leaf | Single or branched | Fisc-shaped, 1.1 × 0.8 mm | Flask-shaped, 230–260 × 120–150 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 130–180 × 8–9 | Prominent | Vermiform, 85–100 × 3 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 6–8 × 3–4 | 5 × 3 | Japan | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps polyrhachis-furca | Polyrhachis furca | Biting leaf | Single | – | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 380–400 × 160–180 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 140–190 × 7–8 µm | – | Lanceolate, 90–100 × 2–3 | Multi-septate | Hirsutella, 30 × 2–3 | Fusoid, 3–5 × 2–3 | Thailand | Kobmoo et al. (2012) |
Ophiocordyceps rami | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Hemispherical, 2 mm | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 325–500 × 275–300 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 200–340 × 7–10 | – | Filiform, 200–215 × 2–3 | 7–8 | Hisutella A-type, 9–10 × 3–4; Hisutella C-type, 30 × 3–5 | Cylindrical to narrow fusiform, 3.5–6.5 × 1–2; fusiform to narrowly lemoniform, 9 × 5 | Thailand | Kobmoo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps satoi | Polyrhachis lamellidens | Biting twing | Three | 1 × 0.8 mm | Flask-shaped, 230–270 × 120–160 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 120–160 × 8–10 | Prominent | Cylindrical, 85–100 × 4 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 12 × 7 | – | Japan | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps septa | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Hemispherical, 2 mm | Fusoid-ellipsoid, 280–300 × 100–150 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 125–165 × 12.5–15 | – | Lanceolate, 45–50 × 6–8 | 7–8 | Hisutella A-type, 25 × 2–3; Hisutella C-type, 50 × 5.5 | Fusiform, 5–6 × 1–2; fusiform to narrowly lemoniform, 9 × 5 | Thailand | Kobmoo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps subtiliphialida | Camponotus sp. | Biting leaf | Single | Disc-shaped, 2 × 1.2–1.9 mm | Flask-shaped, 195–296 × 87–161 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 89–119 × 5–9 | Hemispherical, 2–4 × 5–7 | Lanceolate, 52–72 × 5–8 | 6–7 | Hirsutella C-type, 70–116 × 1–3 | Olivary, 6–10 × 3–6 | China | This study |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis | Camponotus atriceps | Biting leaf | Single | Hemispherical, 1.5 × 0.5–0.8 mm | Flask-shaped, 240–280 × 100–150 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, hyaline, 110–140 × 6–6.5 | 5 × 5.5 | Vermiform 80–85 × 3 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 5–7 × 2–3 | – | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani | Camponotus balzani | Biting leaf | Single | 1.5 × 1.0 mm | Flask-shaped, 400–450 × 100–150 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 200–240 × 12–16 | Prominent, 8–10 × 6–8 | Cylindrical, 135–175 × 4.0–5.0 | 14–22 | Hirsutella A-type, Hirsutella C-type 20–25 × 3–4 | Cylindric to fusiform, 12–14 × 2–3 | Brazil | Evans et al. (2011b) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-bispinosi | Camponotus bispinosus | Biting spines | Single | 0.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm | Globose to flask-shaped, 250–290 × 150–170 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, hyaline, 110–130 × 8–8.5 | 3.5 × 4.5 | Cylindrical, 70–75 × 4.5–5 | 4–5 | Hirsutella A-type, 6 × 2.5–3 | Narrow limoniform, 6–7 × 2 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-chartificis | Camponotus chartifex | Biting leaf | Single | Hemispherical, 1.5 × 1 mm | Globose to hemispherical shaped, 200–235 × 135–175 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 100–125 × 6 | 6–7 × 3–4 | Vermiform 75–85 × 5 | 9–13 | Hirsutella A-type, 5–6 × 3 | Fusiform to limoniform, 7 × 2.6 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-femorati | Camponotus femoratus | Biting leaf/spines | Single | Disc-shaped to hemispherical, 1.2–2.2 × 0.8–1.4 mm | Flask-shaped, 200–230 × 135–165 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 110–130 × 8–9 | 6 × 3 | 75–90 × 3 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 7–10 × 3–4 | Limoniform, 7–9 × 3 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani | Camponotus floridanus | Biting leaf | Single | Disc-shaped | Flask-shaped, 265 × 100 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 145 × 9–10 | – | Cylindrical, 75–90 × 4–5 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 8–9 × 3–4 | Limoniform, 8–9 × 3 | USA | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-hippocrepidis | Camponotus hippocrepis | Biting spines | Single | 2–2.5 × 0.25–0.45 mm | Flask-shaped, 225–250 × 135–165 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 115–135 × 7–10 | Prominent, 6–7 × 4 | Cylindrical, 75–85 × 4–5 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 8–9 × 4 | Limoniform, 5 × 2 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-indiani | Camponotus indianus | Biting leaf | Multiple | Hemispherical | Ovoid to flask-shaped, 230–310 × 120–175 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 170 × 8.5 | Prominent, 4.5 × 5 | Cylindrical, 75 × 4.5 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type, 7.5 × 3.5; Hirsutella C-type | – | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici | Camponotus melanoticus | Biting leaf | Single | 1.3 × 0.8 mm | Flask-shaped, 400–450 × 100–150 | 8-spored, 200–275 × 12–16 | 8–10 × 6–8 | Cylindrical, 170–210 × 4–5 | 27–35 | Hirsutella A-type | – | Brazil | Evans et al. (2011b) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-nidulantis | Camponotus niduland | Biting saplings | Single | Disc-shaped to hemispherical, 1.5 × 1 mm | Flask-shaped, 200–240 × 100–150 | Vermiform to clavate, 8-spored, 110–145 × 6–8 | 4 × 6 | Vermiform, 90–105 × 3–4 | 5 | Hirsutella A-type; Hirsutella C-type, 70–120 × 4–6 | Limoniform, 8 × 3 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2015) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis | Camponotus novogranadensis | Biting epiphites | Single | 0.8–1.0 × 0.5–0.6 µm | 225–250 × 125–155 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 95–120 × 9–10 | Prominent, 5–6 × 3–4 | Filiform, 75–95 × 2.5–3.5 | 5–10 | Hirsutella A-type; Hirsutella B-type, 80–100 × 35–40 | Narrowly clavate to obclavate, 10–12 × 1.5–2.0 | Brazil | Evans et al. (2011b) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-renggeri | Camponotus renggeri | Biting leaf/moss | Single | Hemispherical to globose, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm | Flask-shaped, 220–250 × 100–165 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 130–145 × 8–10 | Prominent, 7–8 × 3 | Vermiform 90–120 × 4 | 5–8 | Hirsutella C-type, 40–60 × 3–5 | – | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis | Camponotus rufipes | Biting leaf | Single | Discshaped to hemisphaerical, 1 × 0.5 mm | Flask-shaped, 175–260 × 100–130 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 120–160 × 8–10 | Prominent, 4.0–5.5 × 3.0–4.5 | Vermiform, 80–95 × 2–3 | 4–7 | Hirsutella A-type, 10 × 2 | Fusiform to narrowly limoniform, 5 × 1.5 | Brazil | Evans et al. (2011b) |
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-sexguttati | Camponotus sexguttatus | Biting leaf | Single | Disc-shaped, 1 × 1 mm | Flask-shaped, 225–230 × 135 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 150–160 × 8–9 | Prominent, 6 × 3 | Cylindrical, 120–140 × 3 | 7 | Hirsutella A-type, 5–8 × 3–4 | Limoniform, 5 × 2 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae | Camponotus castaneus | Biting twig | Single | Disc-shaped, 1.5–2 × 1.3 mm | Flask-shaped, 250–275 × 120–160 | Cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, 120–150 × 10–11 | Prominent | Cylindrical, 80–90 × 5 | 5–6 | Hirsutella A-type; Hirsutella C-type | – | USA | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps oecophyllae | Oecophylla smaragdina | Biting leaf | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 30–50 × 3–4 | Ovoid to cylindrical, 5.5–10 × 1.5–3 | Australia | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps monacidis | Dolichoderus bispinosus | Base of trunk | Single | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps daceti | Daceton armigerum | Leaf (not biting) | Single | – | – | – | – | – | – | Hirsutella, 16–18 × 4 | Cylindrical, 7–10 × 3 | Brazil | Araújo et al. (2018) |
Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides | Cephalotes atratus | Base of trunk | Single | 5–6 × 0.7–1 mm | Ovoid to lageniformia, 170–250 × 110–140 | Narrow cylindrical, 140–200 × 6–12 | – | Filiform, 110–150 × 1.5–3 | 3–5 | Hirsutella A-type, 10–16 × 0.6–4; Hirsutella B-type | Narrowly clavate, 7–9 × 1.5–2.5; ovoid to cylindrical, 8–12 × 4–5 | Brazil | Evans and Samson (1982) |
Ophiocordyceps ponerinarum | Paraponera clavata | Base of trunk | – | 8–14 × 0.8–1 mm | Flask-shaped, 210–320 × 140–190 | – | – | – | – | Hirsutella A-type, 10–14 × 1.8–2.5 | Clavate, 7–9 × 1.8–3 | Brazil | Evans and Samson (1982) |
Ophiocordyceps pulvinata | Camponotus obscuripes | Clinging to twigs | Single | – | 400–600 × 150–250 | Clavate, 8-spored, 220–300 × 9–19 | 4–5.4 × 6–9 | Filiform, 160–220 × 3–5 | – | – | – | Japan | Kepler et al. (2011) |
Ophiocordyceps tianshanensis | Camponotus japonicus | The bark of a dilapidated (not biting) | – | Disc-shaped, 1.1–1.6 × 0.5–1.1 mm | Flask-shaped, 220–260 × 100–140 | – | – | – | – | Hirsutella A-type, 8–9 × 2.5–3.5 | Fusiform to obpyriform, 6–9.2 × 2.2–3 | China | Wei et al. (2020) |
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis | Camponotus sericeiventris | Biting leaf | Single | – | Flask-shaped, 200–250 × 140–160 | Cylindrical, 8-spored, 95–125 × 6–8 | 5–6 × 4–5 | Filiform, 75–85 × 2–2.5 | 4–5 | Hirsutella A-type, 10–12 × 3–3.5; Hirsutella B-type, 14–16 × 2.5–3 | Limoniform, 6.5–8 × 2–2.5; cylindrical-fusoid, 8–11 × 2.5–3 | Brazil | Evans et al. (2018) |